@mastersthesis {83211,
	title = {Large Downed Wood as Post-fire Refugia for Terrestrial Salamanders in Pacific Northwest Forests},
	year = {2023},
	note = {{\textquotedblleft}Climate change, wildfire, timber harvest, and land conversion alter the availability of downed wood in forests of the western United States. Numerous taxa rely on downed wood for temperature and humidity refugia, and downed wood may play a key role in enabling the persistence of climate-sensitive, low-vagility species like terrestrial salamanders (family Plethidontidae) after high severity wildfire. However, few studies have quantified the relationship between the quantity, size, and quality of downed wood and terrestrial salamander occupancy{\textemdash}especially in harsh microclimate conditions following high severity fire{\textquotedblright} (from the Abstract) In this Master{\textquoteright}s thesis, areas burned in 2002 are compared with unburned areas and areas burned in 2017. The author examined occupancy, abundance, diversity and relationships with downed wood.  Lisa M. Ellsworth was the major professor.},
	pages = {41 p.},
	school = {Oregon State University},
	type = {Masters Thesis},
	edition = {M.S.},
	chapter = {Dept. of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Wildlife Sciences},
	address = {Corvallis, Or.},
	keywords = {Acker Fire, amphibians, Apple Fire, Big Bend Fire, Columbia River Gorge, Dunn{\textquoteright}s salamander = Plethodon dunni, ecosystem health, Ensatina = Ensatina eschscholtzii, forest fires, habitats, large woody debris, logging, Mt. Hood National Forest, North Umpqua Complex Fire, North Umpqua River, Oregon slender salamander = Batrachoseps wrighti, salamanders, Umpqua National Forest, Western red-backed salamander = Plethodon vehiculum, Willamette National Forest},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/bg257p45w },
	author = {Stephens, Paige N.}
}
@article {83140,
	title = {Loss of riparian forests from wildfire led to increased stream temperatures in summer, yet salmonid fish persisted},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	volume = {13},
	number = {9},
	year = {2022},
	note = {in September, 2020, the Hinkle Creek watershed was almost entirely burned in the Archie Creek Fire. Most riparian cover was lost in the blaze, causing higher summer water temperature in the creek. While higher temperatures stress cold-water fish such as trout, the warmer waters can cause more food to be available. The interplay between thermal stress and food availability may determine survival. This article gives data immediately after the fire, without increased sediment loads or other longer-term impacts of forest fires, but showing the resilience of some salmonid species.},
	month = {2022, Sep.},
	pages = {e4233},
	keywords = {cutthroat trout = Oncorhynchus clarki, forest fires, Hinkle Creek Study, human impacts, logging, North Fork Hinkle Creek, South Fork Hinkle Creek, steelhead trout = Oncorhynchus mykiss, Umpqua River Basin, water temperature},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4233 },
	url = {https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecs2.4233 },
	author = {Warren, Dana R. and Roon, David A. and Swartz, Allison G. and Bladon, Kevin D.}
}
@article {83269,
	title = {Landscape genetics of American beaver in coastal Oregon},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	volume = {85},
	number = {7},
	year = {2021},
	note = {American beavers have often been moved from one location, where their dams and flooding might be a nuisance, to another, where they help with stream and water table restoration.  The authors review the history of trapping and translocations of beavers in the Oregon Coast Range.  {\textquotedblleft}Management requires a better understanding of the ability of beaver to disperse and colonize empty habitat, and the distances or landscapes over which a beaver, if translocated, is unlikely to return.  We evaluated genetic structure and applied a landscape genetic approach to characterize landscape features that influence genetic flow for beaver in the Coast Range of Oregon.{\textquotedblright} (p.1464)},
	month = {2021, Sep.},
	pages = {p.1462-1475},
	keywords = {Alsea River, Coos River, Coquille River, genetics, geographical distribution, habitats, human impacts, Necanicum River, Nehalem River, Nestucca River, North American beaver = Castor canadensis, North Umpqua River, Siletz River, Siltcoos River, Siuslaw River, Sixes River, South Umpqua River, topography, Trask River, Umpqua River, Wilson River, Yaquina River},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22102},
	author = {Epps, Clinton W. and Petro, Vanessa M. and Creech, Tyler G. and Crowhurst, Rachel S. and Weldy, Matthew J. and Taylor, Jimmy D.}
}
@article {83130,
	title = {Landscape genetics of American beaver in coastal Oregon},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	volume = {85},
	number = {7},
	year = {2021},
	note = {American beavers have often been moved from one location, where their dams and flooding might be a nuisance, to another, where they help with stream and water table restoration.  The authors review the history of trapping and translocations of beavers in the Oregon Coast Range.  {\textquotedblleft}Management requires a better understanding of the ability of beaver to disperse and colonize empty habitat, and the distances or landscapes over which a beaver, if translocated, is unlikely to return.  We evaluated genetic structure and applied a landscape genetic approach to characterize landscape features that influence genetic flow for beaver in the Coast Range of Oregon.{\textquotedblright} (p.1464)},
	month = {2021, Sep.},
	pages = {p.1462-1475},
	keywords = {Alsea River, Coos River, Coquille River, genetics, geographical distribution, habitats, human impacts, Necanicum River, Nehalem River, Nestucca River, North American beaver = Castor canadensis, North Umpqua River, Siletz River, Siltcoos River, Siuslaw River, Sixes River, South Umpqua River, topography, Trask River, Umpqua River, Wilson River, Yaquina River},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22102},
	author = {Epps, Clinton W. and Petro, Vanessa M. and Creech, Tyler G. and Crowhurst, Rachel S. and Weldy, Matthew J. and Taylor, Jimmy D.}
}
@article {83102,
	title = {Let the fish do the talking: How fish behavior is linked to patterns of temperature and stream discharge},
	journal = {Science Findings},
	number = {240},
	year = {2021},
	note = {This article is aimed at the intelligent layperson and describes the work of two fisheries scientists to explore the environmental conditions coho salmon need in order to carry out migrations and how these conditions might be affected by climate change.  Understanding coming changes will help managers adjust water releases from dams to better help the salmon.  The article includes information about a new data visualization tool, the {\textquotedblleft}ichthyograph.{\textquotedblright}  },
	month = {2021, Jul.},
	pages = {5 p.},
	keywords = {climate, Coho salmon = Oncorhynchus kisutch, Columbia River, geographical distribution, migration, reproductive behavior, Snake River, streamflow, temporal distribution, Umpqua River, water temperature, Willamette River},
	url = {https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/pnw/products/science-findings/let-fish-do-talking-how-fish-behavior-linked-patterns-temperature-and},
	author = {Kirkland, John and Flitcroft, Rebecca and Grant, Gordon}
}
@article {83037,
	title = {Location, location, location: for coho salmon, it{\textquoteright}s all about the neighborhood},
	journal = {Science Findings},
	number = {224},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Coho salmon require different habitats at different stages of life, from gravel ripples for spawning, to deep pools for summer rearing, to sheltered sites for surviving winter torrents. These different habitats need to be connected.  The research described in this article shows that habitat connections may be more important than the quality of any individual habitat.  This article is intended to make research accessible to the general public.  It gives a good overview of what researchers are learning about the needs of coho salmon.},
	month = {2020, Feb.},
	pages = {p.1-5},
	keywords = {Coho salmon = Oncorhynchus kisutch, depleted populations, geographic distribution, geology, habitats, human impacts, landslides, sediments, Umpqua River Basin},
	url = {https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi224.pdf },
	author = {Kirkland, John}
}
@article {83015,
	title = {Landscape influence on the local distribution of western pond turtles},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	volume = {9},
	number = {7},
	year = {2018},
	note = {How does an animal determine the best environment in which to live?  Sedentary animals have no choice.  Migratory animals have a wide range of options, and have a wide scale of choices.  It turns out that the question of scale is important in determining the distribution of the western pond turtle, an animal that has limited mobility.  There is an interplay of multiple factors at work.  This article reports on a 1999-2000 survey of western pond turtles in the Umpqua River Basin. Important factors included levels of solar radiation, location of ponds, pond size, and area of nearby wetlands.  The South Umpqua turned out to have the most turtles in the river, and the most turtles in nearby ponds. This is an open-access publication.},
	pages = {e02346},
	keywords = {geographic distribution, habitats, North Umpqua River, South Umpqua River, temporal distribution, Umpqua River, Umpqua River Basin, water temperature, Western pond turtle = Actinemys marmorata (Clemmys marmorata), wetlands},
	doi = {10.1002/ecs2.2346  },
	url = {https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ecs2.2346 },
	author = {Horn, Robert B. and Gervais, Jennifer A.}
}
@article {82206,
	title = {Longitudinal thermal heterogeneity in rivers and refugia for coldwater species: effects of scale and climate change},
	journal = {Aquatic Sciences},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Cool patches in rivers serve as refuges for cold-water species such as trout and salmon.  What happens to cool patches in a warming climate? In this article studying multiple streams across the Pacific Northwest, the authors address this question.  Small cool patches may disappear, creating one long warm patch, which could be a barrier to migration.  Large cool patches could be broken into smaller patches. In the case of the Siletz River, cool patches tended to move further upstream.  {\textquotedblleft}Our model predicted little change in future thermal heterogeneity among rivers, but within-river patterns sometimes changed markedly compared to contemporary patterns{\textquotedblright} (from the Abstract).},
	month = {2018, Jan.},
	pages = {Article 3, 15 p.},
	keywords = {Nehalem River, Siletz River, Siuslaw River, Umpqua River, climate, Pacific salmonids = Oncorhynchus spp., climate, geographical distribution, mathematical modeling, water temperature},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-017-0557-9 },
	author = {Fullerton, A. H. and Torgersen, C. E. and Lawler, J. J. and Steel, E. A. and Ebersole, J. L. and Lee, S. Y.}
}
@article {80396,
	title = {Learning from Oregon{\textquoteright}s 2015 Drought:  A Review of Documented Conditions, Impacts, and Response Strategies},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Climate change brings rising sea levels, increased erosion, stronger storms and ocean acidification.  It also brings stronger and longer-lasting droughts.  This report reviews the record-setting 2015 drought in Oregon.  Subjects covered include a review of literature on drought monitoring and reporting, a description of the 2015 drought, a summary of the drought{\textquoteright}s effects, and conclusions and recommendations.  {\textquotedblleft}Coastal hatcheries were predominantly impacted, with Rock Creek Hatchery being the most severely affected. . . Shallow and warm waters from the North Umpqua River fed Rock Creek, which led to disease and the loss of nearly all of the hatchery{\textquoteright}s summer steelhead{\textquotedblright} (p.36).},
	pages = {61 p.},
	institution = {Oregon State University. Water Resources Policy \& Management Program,},
	address = {Corvallis, Or.},
	keywords = {General, agriculture, climate, environmental monitoring, hatcheries, industrial development, meteorology, Native Americans, precipitation, recreation, water quality, water temperature,},
	url = {https://aquadoc.typepad.com/files/learning_from_oregons_2015_drought_23june2017.pdf},
	author = {BeCraft, Rianne}
}
@article {80321,
	title = {Legal ecotones:  A comparative analysis of riparian policy protection in the Oregon Coast Range, USA},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
	volume = {197},
	year = {2017},
	note = {This article examines the complex legal landscape around protection of riparian areas in the Oregon Coast Range.  The authors compare four policies:  the Northwest Forest Plan, the State Forest Management Plans, Forest Practices Administrative Rules, and the Agricultural Water Quality Management Plans.  The difference between plans is vast.  One issue, wooded buffer zones around streams, shows a range from 0 (agricultural land) to ~152 meters (fish-bearing streams managed under the Northwest Forest Plan).  The authors note that prescriptive standards seem to manage better than outcome-based standards, and suggest that expanding the public trust doctrine might help in developing responsible and reasonable standards.},
	pages = {p.206-220},
	keywords = {Oregon Coast Range, environmental law and policy, logging, agriculture, riparian areas, terrestrial vegetation},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.075},
	author = {Boisjolie, Brett A. and Santelmann, Mary V. and Flitcroft, Rebecca  L. and Duncan, Sally L.}
}
@article {83086,
	title = {Lower Umpqua River Basin fall Chinook program - August 30, 2017},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Subtitled: Fall Chinook Stock 151.  Part one of two.  The second part is accessible from the same website as the first.  The original (2006) version of this report is available at:  https://digital.osl.state.or.us/islandora/object/osl\%3A951426 },
	month = {2017, Aug.30},
	pages = {62 p.},
	institution = {Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife},
	address = {[Salem, Or.?]},
	keywords = {Chinook salmon = Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Gardiner Creek, Gardiner Reservoir, genetics., hatcheries, hatchery salmonids, Lower Umpqua River, wild salmonids},
	url = {https://digital.osl.state.or.us/islandora/object/osl\%3A951425 },
	author = {Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife,}
}
@mastersthesis {77166,
	title = {Lithologic, Climatic, and Biotic Vs. Abiotic Controls on Erosion and Landscape Evolution},
	year = {2015},
	note = {{\textquotedblleft}The triumvirate of tectonics, lithology, and climate control landscape evolution. This study quantifies how lithologic variation and climate-mediated changes in ecosystems perturb steady state processes in the unglaciated, soil-mantled Oregon Coast Range. . .{\textquotedblright} (from the Abstract)  The several chapters of this Ph. D. dissertation offer fascinating looks at several catchments in the Umpqua River Basin, including a reconstruction of paleoclimate over 50,000 years in the Little Lake watershed.},
	pages = {133 p.},
	school = {University of Oregon},
	type = {Doctoral Dissertation},
	edition = {Ph. D.},
	chapter = {Dept. of Geosciences},
	address = {Eugene, Or.},
	keywords = {climate data, erosion, Franklin Creek, geochemistry, geology, Harvey Creek, Little Lake, Lower Umpqua River, paleosciences, sediment data, South Umpqua River, terrestrial vegetation, topography, Triangle Lake},
	url = {https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/19291 },
	author = {Marshall, Jill Ann}
}
@article {76736,
	title = {Linking landscape characteristics and high stream nitrogen in the Oregon Coast Range: red alder complicates use of nutrient criteria},
	journal = {Journal of the American Water Resources Association},
	volume = {50 },
	number = {6 },
	year = {2014},
	note = {Red alder fixes nitrogen, and in the fall and winter it sheds nitrogen into coastal streams.  The result is that many coastal streams have at certain times of the year nitrogen levels that are unacceptably high, according to conventional environmental standards.  Current nutrient models for Oregon coast streams fail to adequately account for this natural process.  {\textquotedblleft}Our results provide evidence, at a regional scale, that background sources and processes cause many Coast Range streams to exceed proposed nutrient criteria, and that the prevalence of a single tree species (N-fixing red alder) exerts a dominant control over stream N concentrations across this region.{\textquotedblright}  (from the Abstract)},
	month = {2014, Dec.},
	pages = {p.1383-1400},
	keywords = {ecosystem health, ecosystem modeling, environmental law and policy, general, nitrate, nitrogen, nutrients, Oregon Coast Range, red alder = Alnus rubra},
	doi = {10.1111/jawr.12194},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/articles/1n79h6293},
	author = {Greathouse, Effie A. and Compton, Jana E. and Van Sickle, John}
}
@inbook {26866,
	title = {Lower Columbia and Oregon coast},
	booktitle = {Oregon Archaeology},
	year = {2011},
	note = {A contemporary overview of the archeology of the Oregon Coast, explaining the unique problems archeologists face associated with earthquakes, subsidence, tsunamis and sea level rise. Well illustrated.},
	pages = {p.210-283},
	publisher = {Oregon State University Press},
	organization = {Oregon State University Press},
	chapter = {Ch. 4},
	address = {Corvallis, Or.},
	keywords = {archeology, Bandon Sandspit, bob Creek, Boiler Bay, Cape Perpetua, Coos Bay, Coquille River, Graveyard Point, Half Moon Weir, K{\textquoteright}ama{\textquoteright}cdun, Necanicum River, Neptune, Netarts Sandspit, Palmrose, Par-Tee, Seal Rock, Siltcoos Lake, Siuslaw River, Spencer Bridge, Tahkenitch Lake, Umpqua River, Umpqua-Eden, Whale Cove, Yaquina Falls, Yaquina Head, Yaquina River},
	author = {Aikens, C. Melvin and Connolly, Thomas J. and Jenkins, Dennis L.}
}
@mastersthesis {26686,
	title = {Local and Downstream Effects of Contemporary Forest Harvesting on Streamflow and Sediment Yield},
	year = {2008},
	note = {How do current methods of logging affect streamflow and sedimentation?  These are the questions addressed by this study.  The author developed an experimental method of detecting sediment yield more quickly and with more sensitivity than traditional approaches. Major professor was Arne E. Skaugset.},
	pages = {164 p.},
	school = {Oregon State University},
	type = {Doctoral Dissertation},
	edition = {Ph. D.},
	chapter = {Dept. of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management},
	address = {Corvallis, Or.},
	keywords = {Calapooya Creek, Hinkle Creek, Hinkle Creek Study, human impacts, logging, natural resource management, sediment data, terrestrial vegetation, Umpqua River, water quality, water temperature},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/df65vb33j},
	author = {Z{\'e}gre, Nicolas P.}
}
@book {26411,
	title = {Local Stream Temperature Variability in Three Streams in the South Umpqua Basin},
	year = {2006},
	note = {This is a supplement to the Umpqua Stream Temperature 2003 document. Fate Creek was closest to the optimum temperature (64 degrees F) for cold-water fish, and the South Umpqua and Days Creek far exceeded it. "This study again confirms the concept that much of the Umpqua Basin has bulk summer stream temperatures that exceed the optimum for cold-water fish." (p.10)  This report is accompanied by an Excel file giving data and charts:  http://yoncalla.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Data_File.xls },
	month = {2006, Aug.},
	publisher = {InSight Consultants},
	organization = {InSight Consultants},
	chapter = {12 p.},
	address = {Yoncalla, Or.},
	keywords = {Days Creek, Fate Creek, South Umpqua River, water temperature},
	url = {https://yoncalla.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/3-Sites-Temperature-05.pdf},
	author = {InSight Consultants,}
}
@book {26446,
	title = {Lower Umpqua River Basin fall Chinook program },
	series = {Hatchery and Genetic Management Plan },
	year = {2006},
	note = {Subtitled: Fall Chinook Stock 151. An updated (2017) version of this report is available at:  https://digital.osl.state.or.us/islandora/object/osl\%3A951425},
	month = {2006, Feb.2},
	pages = {55 p. },
	publisher = {Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife},
	organization = {Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife},
	address = {[Salem, Or.?]},
	keywords = {Chinook salmon = Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, genetics., hatcheries, hatchery salmonids, Lower Umpqua River, wild salmonids},
	url = {https://digital.osl.state.or.us/islandora/object/osl\%3A951426},
	author = {Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife,}
}
@book {26511,
	title = {Lower Umpqua River Watershed Assessment:  Final Report},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006, May},
	keywords = {agriculture, bacteria, Bear Creek, Butler Creek, Charlotte Creek, climate, coastal hazards, commercial fisheries, dams, Dean Creek, demographics, dissolved oxygen, Dry Creek, erosion, Fischer Creek, fishes, flooding, forest fires, Franklin Creek, general ecosystem description, geology, habitat restoration, Hakki Creek, Harvey Creek, history, hydrography, hydrology, Johnson Creek, Koepke Slough, land ownership, land use, landslides, logging, Lower Umpqua River, Luder Creek, Miller Creek, mining, nitrogen, Oar Creek, Pacific lamprey = Entosphenus tridentatus (Lampetra tridentata), Pacific salmonids = Oncorhynchus spp., pH data, phosphorus, precipitation, Reedsport, River lamprey = Lampetra ayresi, Scholfield Creek, sediments, species list, terrestrial vegetation, water pollution, water quality, water rights, water temperature, Western brook lamprey = Lampetra richardsoni, wetland delineation, Winchester Creek, Wind Creek},
	url = {https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a0dcc9bbce17698a0425591/t/5a0dcdfad63352ad667fdbf6/1339723394497/LowerUmpquaRiver.zip},
	author = {Snyder, Kai and Sullivan, Tim and Moore, Deian and Raymond, Richard and E\&S Environmental Chemistry Inc., and Umpqua Basin Watershed Council}
}
@mastersthesis {26161,
	title = {Landscape-Scale Evaluation of Genetic Structure among Barrier-Isolated Populations of Coastal Cutthroat Trout, <i>Oncorhynchus clarki clarki</i>},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Studied populations of coastal cutthroat trout, all of which were isolated above significant barriers to downstream travel (waterfalls). Among the findings were that Cascade headwater fish tended to live in a single channel and be more vulnerable to habitat disruptions such as landslides, while coastal streams "tended to have more complex drainage patterns and fewer within-watershed obstacles to dispersal..." and were therefore more likely to retain genetic diversity. More genetic diversity was found than expected.},
	pages = {43 p.},
	school = {Oregon State University},
	type = {Masters Thesis},
	edition = {M.S.},
	chapter = {Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife, Fisheries Science},
	address = {Corvallis, Or.},
	keywords = {Buckeye Creek, Camp Creek, Cavitt Creek, Coffee Creek, Coos River Basin, Coquille River Basin, cutthroat trout = Oncorhynchus clarki, genetics, habitats, Miller Creek, population biology, Rock Creek, Rogue River Basin, theses, Umpqua River Basin, Willamette River Basin},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/2227ms51q},
	author = {Guy, Troy J.}
}
@mastersthesis {26226,
	title = {The Land-Water Interface:  Patterns of Riparian Vegetation and Channel Morphology in the Oregon Coast Range System},
	year = {2004},
	note = {This study attempted to relate channel morphology for specific reaches of Camp Creek, a tributary of the Lower Umpqua River, with riparian vegetation.  While results about individual reaches were inconclusive, the study noted that lower, flatter areas has broader riparian zones than higher, steeper areas. The author suggests that protected riparian areas be extended the width of the floodplain, rather than protecting a fixed width for the whole stream. Maps.},
	pages = {85 p.},
	school = {Oregon State University},
	type = {Masters Thesis},
	edition = {M.S.},
	chapter = {Forest Resources},
	address = {Corvallis, Or.},
	keywords = {Camp Creek, cutthroat trout = Oncorhynchus clarki, hydrology, logging, Lower Umpqua River, natural resource management, red alder = Alnus rubra, Salmonberry = Rubus spectabilis, terrestrial vegetation, theses},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/fb494b43b},
	author = {Takahashi, Mayumi}
}
@book {26141,
	title = {Landscape and Watershed Influences on Wild Salmon and Fish Assemblages in Oregon Coastal Streams},
	series = {EPA/600/R/},
	volume = {no.03/081},
	year = {2003},
	note = {This document lays out a five-year research program. "Our major endpoints of concern are the long-term viability of coho salmon populations and native fish assemblages in Oregon coastal streams. We also have adopted overall stream habitat integrity as an endpoint."  (from the Executive Summary)},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {95 p.},
	keywords = {Coho salmon =  Oncorhynchus kisutch, feeding behavior, geology, habitats, hydrology, juvenile fish, spatial distribution, temporal distribution, water temperature, West Fork Smith River, Winchester Creek},
	url = {https://tinyurl.com/yc5s7tsa},
	author = {Wigington Jr., P.J. and Ebersole, J.L. and Baker, J.P. and Church, M. R. and Compton, J.E. and Leibowitz, S.G. and White, D. and Cairns, M.A.}
}
@book {26046,
	title = {Lower Cow Creek Watershed Assessment and Action Plan},
	year = {2003},
	note = {This assessment identifies current habitat limitations and recommends corrective actions. Numerous color photographs and colored maps. Color photographs.},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {207 p.},
	publisher = {Umpqua Basin Watershed Council},
	organization = {Umpqua Basin Watershed Council},
	chapter = {207 pp.},
	address = {Roseburg, Or.},
	keywords = {agriculture, Beatty Creek, Buck Creek, Catching Creek, Cattle Creek, Cedar Gulch Creek, climate, Council Creek, Darby Creek, Doe Creek, erosion, flooding, forest fires, general ecosystem description, habitat restoration, history, HUC 17100302, hydrology, Iron Mountain Creek, Jerry Creek, land ownership, landslides, Little Dads Creek, Live Oak Creek, logging, Lower Cow Creek, Martin Creek, Middle Creek, mining, Mitchell Creek, Oregon, Pacific lamprey=Entosphenus tridentatus (Lampetra tridentata), Pacific salmonids=Oncorhynchus spp., Peavine Creek, Riddle, Russell Creek, Salt Creek, sediments, Shoestring Creek, South Fork Middle Creek, South Umpqua River, Squaw Creek, Table Creek, terrestrial vegetation, Umpqua chub = Oregonichthys kalawatseti, Umpqua dace = Rhinicthys cataractae, Umpqua pikeminnow = Ptychocheilus umpquae, Union Creek, water pollution, water quality, water temperature, Western brook lamprey = Lampetra richardsoni, wetland delineation},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/defaults/b5644x34z},
	author = {Geyer, Nancy A.}
}
@book {26021,
	title = {Lower North Umpqua Watershed Assessment and Action Plan},
	year = {2003},
	note = {This assessment identifies current habitat limitations and recommends corrective actions in the Lower North Umpqua River subbasin of the North Umpqua River. Numerous colored maps. },
	month = {2003},
	pages = {201 p.},
	publisher = {Umpqua Basin Watershed Council},
	organization = {Umpqua Basin Watershed Council},
	chapter = {201 pp.},
	keywords = {agriculture, arsenic, bacteria, Bradley Creek, climate, Clover Creek (North Umpqua River), copper, Copper Creek, dams, demographics, Dixon Creek, erosion, flooding, French Creek, general ecosystem description, geology, habitat restoration, hatcheries, history, Huntley Creek, hydrography, hydrology, land ownership, land use, landslides, lead, logging, Lower North Umpqua River, manganese, mercury, mining, nickel, nutrients, Oak Creek, Oregon, Rock Creek, sediments, Short Creek, Sutherlin, Sutherlin Creek, terrestrial vegetation, tourism, water quality, water temperature, wetland delineation, zinc},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/defaults/k643b619h},
	author = {Geyer, Nancy A.}
}
@book {26031,
	title = {Lower South Umpqua Watershed Assessment and Action Plan},
	year = {2003},
	note = {"Prepared for the Umpqua Basin Watershed Council, Roseburg, Oregon." This assessment identifies current habitat limitations and recommends corrective actions. Numerous colored maps.},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {187 p.},
	publisher = {Umpqua Basin Watershed Council},
	organization = {Umpqua Basin Watershed Council},
	chapter = {187 pp.},
	keywords = {agriculture, arsenic, bacteria, cadmium, Callahan Creek, Champagne Creek, Chinook salmon = Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, chlorine, climate, Coho salmon = Oncorhynchus kisutch, cutthroat trout = Oncorhynchus clarki, Deer Creek, Doemer Creek, Elgarose Creek, erosion, flooding, general ecosystem description, habitat restoration, history, hydrography, hydrology, land ownership, landslides, logging, Lower South Umpqua River, Marsters Creek, mining, Newton Creek, Oregon, Pacific lamprey = Entosphenus tridentatus (Lampetra tridentata), Parrott Creek, Roberts Creek, Roseburg, sediments, South Umpqua River, steelhead trout = Oncorhynchus mykiss, Stockler Creek, Sylman Creek, terrestrial vegetation, Umpqua chub = Oregonichthys kalawatseti, Umpqua dace = Rhinicthys cataractae, water quality, water temperature, Western brook lamprey = Lampetra richardsoni, wetland delineation, Willow Creek, Winston},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/defaults/hq37vt464},
	author = {Geyer, Nancy A.}
}
@book {25856,
	title = {Little River Watershed TMDL},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Gives total maximum daily loads (TDMLs) for the Little River Watershed. A nicely detailed report. In addition to the usual tables, gives additional information such as aquatic insect richness for stream segments and a tally of landslides.  Recommends restorative actions. Colored maps, charts and tables.},
	month = {2001, Dec.},
	publisher = {Oregon Department of Environmental Quality},
	organization = {Oregon Department of Environmental Quality},
	chapter = {119 p.},
	address = {[Portland, Or]},
	keywords = {a tributary of the Little River, Black Creek, Bond Creek, Boulder Creek, Cavitt Creek, Clover Creek, Cuttus Creek, Emile Creek, Engels Creek, erosion, Evarts Creek, Fall Creek, Flat Rock Branch, habitat restoration, Hemlock Creek, hydrology, Jim Creek, landslides, Little Creek, Little River, Little Taft Creek, logging, Mill Creek, Negro Creek, North Umpqua River, pH data, Plusfour Creek, sediments, water pollution, water quality, water temperature, White Rock Creek, Wolf Creek},
	url = {https://digital.osl.state.or.us/islandora/object/osl\%3A34987},
	author = {Heberling, Paul and Lindberg, Bibbi and Umpqua National Forest, and U.S. Bureau of Land Management, and Oregon. Dept. of Environmental Quality,}
}
@book {25896,
	title = {Little River Watershed TMDL. Appendix A : Little River Stream Temperature Model},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001, Dec},
	publisher = {Oregon Department of Environmental Quality},
	organization = {Oregon Department of Environmental Quality},
	address = {[Portland, Or.]},
	keywords = {Black Creek, Cavitt Creek, Clover Creek, Emile Creek, Hemlock Creek, hydrology, Little River, mathematical modeling, North Umpqua River, terrestrial vegetation, water quality, water temperature, White Creek, Wolf Creek},
	url = {https://digital.osl.state.or.us/islandora/object/osl\%3A34988},
	author = {Oregon. Dept. of Environmental Quality Western Region,}
}
@book {25891,
	title = {Little River Watershed TMDL. Appendix B : Little River pH Model},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Discusses buffering effects of periphyton on the river{\textquoteright}s pH level.},
	month = {2001, Dec.},
	publisher = {Oregon Dept. of Environmental Quality},
	organization = {Oregon Dept. of Environmental Quality},
	address = {[Portland, Or.]},
	keywords = {algae, Cavitt Creek, Little River, mathematical modeling, North Umpqua River, pH data, water temperature},
	url = {https://digital.osl.state.or.us/islandora/object/osl\%3A34989},
	author = {Oregon. Dept. of Environmental Quality,}
}
@book {25906,
	title = {Little River Watershed TMDL.  Appendix C : Water Quality Restoration Plan : Umpqua Basin Little River Watershed},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001, Dec.},
	keywords = {Black Creek, Cavitt Creek, Clover Creek, Eggleston Creek, Emile Creek, erosion, Flat Rock Creek, forest fires, geology, habitats, HUC$\#$ 1710030111, hydrography, Jim Creek, land ownership, land use, landslides, Little River, logging, North Umpqua River, pH data, sediments, water temperature},
	url = {https://digital.osl.state.or.us/islandora/object/osl\%3A34990},
	author = {U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Roseburg District, and U.S. Forest Service. Umpqua National Forest,}
}
@book {25911,
	title = {Little River Watershed TMDL.  Appendix DEF:  [TMDL Implementation Plan]},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Implementation plans for agricultural water quality {D}, non-Federal forest lands [E], and the Oregon Dept. of Transportation},
	month = {2001},
	keywords = {agriculture, bacteria, Black Creek, Cavitt Creek, Clover Creek, Eggleston Creek, Emile Creek, environmental law and policy, erosion, Flat Rock Creek, geology, habitats, HUC$\#$ 1710030111, hydrography, Jim Creek, land ownership, land use, Little River, North Umpqua River, pH data, sediments, water temperature},
	url = {https://digital.osl.state.or.us/islandora/object/osl\%3A34991},
	author = {U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Roseburg District, and U.S. Forest Service. Umpqua National Forest,}
}
@article {25816,
	title = {Large-scale, differential summer habitat use of three anadromous salmonids in a large river basin in Oregon, USA},
	journal = {Fisheries Management and Ecology},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Chinook salmon were found in the mainstem and mid-elevation tributaries. Coho salmon was not present in the mainstem, but found in low-elevation tributaries. Steelhead trout were found in the mainstem and all tributaries, with the greatest density in the high-elevation tributaries. "Observed spatial segregation of basin habitat by these species during summer indicated that protection provided at the level of the river basin will be necessary to assure the continued existence of all stocks." (from the Abstract)},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {p.197-209},
	keywords = {Black Rock Fork Creek, Boulder Creek, Buckeye Creek, Chinook salmon = Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Coho salmon =  Oncorhynchus kisutch, Deadman Creek, Dumont Creek, Francis Creek, geographic distribution, habitats, hatchery salmonids, Jackson Creek, natural resource management, Quartz Creek, spatial distribution, steelhead trout = Oncorhynchus mykiss, Upper South Umpqua River, water temperature, wild salmonids},
	isbn = {0969-997X},
	author = {Scarnecchia, D.L. and Roper, B.B}
}
@book {25571,
	title = {Landscapes of Promise:  the Oregon Story, 1800-1940},
	year = {1997},
	note = {An excellent overview of Oregon{\textquoteright}s early environmental history. There is an inevitable emphasis on the Columbia and Willamette Rivers, but the author does extend his attention to the whole state. },
	pages = {392 p.},
	publisher = {University of Washington Press},
	organization = {University of Washington Press},
	address = {Seattle, Wa.},
	keywords = {abundance, agriculture, dams, depleted populations, environmental law and policy, general, hatcheries, historical, human impacts, industrial development, logging, mining, Pacific salmonid species (Oncorhynchus spp.)},
	author = {Robbins, William G.}
}
@book {25586,
	title = {Lower Umpqua Watershed Analysis},
	year = {1997},
	note = {39 numbered pages, 17 unnumbered pages. Very broad overview of the watershed. Not much detail on fish species. Many colored maps. Appendices. .Key issues addressed include: unstable soils, flooding; protecting aquatic habitat; connecting patches of late-successional forest habitat. Major streams are rated.},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {39 [17] p.},
	publisher = {Siuslaw National Forest},
	organization = {Siuslaw National Forest},
	address = {OR},
	keywords = {bald eagle=Haliaeetus leucocephalus, birds, Butler Creek, Charlotte Creek, Chinook salmon = Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Coho salmon = Oncorhynchus kisutch, cutthroat trout = Oncorhynchus clarki, Dean Creek, depleted populations, Echo Creek, economics, fishes, flooding, Franklin Creek, general ecosystem description, geology, Harvey Creek, human impacts, hydrology, land ownership, land use, landslides, logging, Lower Umpqua River, marbled murrelet=Brachyramphus marmoratus, Providence Creek, Roosevelt elk=Cervus elaphus roosevelti, Scholfield Creek, sediments, species composition, species list, spotted owl=Strix occidentalis, steelhead trout = Oncorhynchus mykiss, terrestrial vegetation, Tyee Formation, water quality, water temperature, Western snowy plover = Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus, Winchester Creek},
	author = {Suislaw National Forest,}
}
@article {25526,
	title = {Long-term population monitoring of osprey along the Umpqua River in Western Oregon},
	journal = {Journal of Raptor Research},
	volume = {3},
	number = {2},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Reports on a successful program to rebuild osprey populations along the Umpqua River by building nesting platforms. The study ran from 1980 through 1991. "From 1981-90, the osprey population along the Umpqua River between Roseburg and Reedsport, Oregoni ncreased by 153\% (17\% annual rate)." (from the Abstract)},
	pages = {p.62-69},
	keywords = {birds, depleted populations, natural resource management, North Umpqua River, Osprey = Pandion halioetus, South Umpqua River, Umpqua River},
	url = {https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/jrr/v030n02/p00062-p00069.pdf},
	author = {Witt, Joseph W.}
}
@article {49781,
	title = {Legislative Fellowship Final Report, 1995},
	year = {1995},
	note = {This document details the work done by the 1995 Oregon Sea Grant / Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association Legislative Fellow. {\textquotedblleft}The Oregon Sea Grant/OCZMA Legislative Fellowship Program began in 1987 primarily to provide students from the Oregon State University Marine Resource Management Program (MRM) with a means with which to apply academic knowledge gained in science or public policy to the real-world arena of legislative politics.{\textquotedblright}  (p.1)  The author was assigned to State Senator Stan Bunn{\textquoteright}s office, and worked for him, for Sea Grant and for OCZMA.  The document includes summaries of legislation important to coastal communities, and brief interviews with Oregon legislators.},
	month = {1995, Aug.},
	pages = {59 p.},
	institution = {Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association,},
	address = {Salem, Or. },
	keywords = {coastal hazards, Coos Bay, Coquille River estuary, dungeness crab=Metacarcinus magister (Cancer magister), earthquakes, environmental law and policy, fish screens, general, Lower Smith River, marine mammals, Pacific salmonids=Oncorhynchus spp., salmon hatcheries, tsunamis, Vincent Creek, wild salmonids},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/defaults/8910jz376},
	author = {Coontz, Julie and Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association and Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program}
}
@book {25466,
	title = {Little River Watershed Analysis},
	year = {1995},
	note = {At the time this report was written, large trees had been removed from riparian areas. Landowners were also removing large woody debris from streams. There was a great need for improvement in this remarkably rich and diverse environment, which boasted five anadromous fish species and four resident fish species.},
	month = {1995},
	publisher = {Umpqua National Forest, North Umpqua Ranger District},
	organization = {Umpqua National Forest, North Umpqua Ranger District},
	address = { [Roseburg, Or.]},
	keywords = {amphibians, birds, Black Creek, Boulder Creek, Cavitt Creek, Chinook almon = Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Clover Creek, Coho salmon =  Oncorhynchus kisutch, Copperhead Creek, Cultus Creek, cutthroat trout = Oncorhynchus clarki, dissolved oxygen, Emile Creek, erosion, Fall Creek, Flat Rock Branch, forest fires, habitat restoration, habitats, human impacts, introduced species, Jim Creek, landslides, Little River, logging, mammals, molluscs, natural resource management, Negro Creek, North Umpqua River, Pacific lamprey = Entosphenus tridentatus (Lampetra tridentata), pH data, reptiles, sediments, species list, steelhead trout = Oncorhynchus mykiss, terrestrial mammals, terrestrial vegetation, water quality, water temperature, White Creek},
	url = {https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5335967.pdf},
	author = {U. S. Bureau of Land Management. Mt. Scott Resource Area, and U. S.  Forest Service. North Umpqua Ranger District, and Umpqua National Forest,}
}
@article {25321,
	title = {Long-term changes in low-flow channel widths within the South Umpqua watershed, Oregon},
	journal = {Water Resources Bulletin},
	volume = {30},
	number = {6},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Compared 31 stream segments of 21 streams within the upper South Umpqua River watershed with 1937 measurements. Found some changes in channel widths; data suggests that logging may be responsible for the changes. "These channel changes may also be a factor in the observed decline of three of the four populations of anadromous salmonids within the basin." (from Abstract)},
	month = {1994, Dec.},
	pages = {993-1000},
	keywords = {hydrography, hydrology, logging, salmonid species, South Umpqua River, terrestrial vegetation},
	isbn = {0043-1370},
	author = {Dose, Jeffrey J. and Roper, Brett B.}
}
@book {24736,
	title = {The Land of the Umpqua : a History of Douglas County, Oregon},
	year = {1986},
	note = {Definitive history.},
	month = {1986},
	pages = {285 p.},
	publisher = {Douglas County Commissioners},
	organization = {Douglas County Commissioners},
	address = {Roseburg, Or.},
	keywords = {archeology, historical},
	isbn = {0961657405; 0961657413 (pbk.)},
	author = {Beckham, Stephen Dow}
}
@article {80206,
	title = {The law of the coast in a clamshell:  Part VIII:  the Oregon approach},
	journal = {Shore and Beach},
	volume = {50 },
	year = {1982},
	note = {This article, written by the Attorney General of Oregon at the time, gives an overview of Oregon{\textquoteright}s coastal laws.  The article looks at land ownership, access rights, leasing, determination of tidal boundaries, and Oregon{\textquoteright}s Public Trust doctrine.  The 1967 Oregon Beach Law is referenced.  A helpful vocabulary gives a legal lexicon for shoreline changes.  A good look at the laws as of 1982.},
	month = {1982, Jul.},
	pages = {p.16-23},
	keywords = {Oregon, environmental law and policy, land ownership, tidelands, beaches, Beach Bill},
	author = {Graber, Peter H. F.}
}
@article {83280,
	title = {Logging, infiltration capacity, and surface erodibility in Western Oregon},
	journal = {Journal of Forestry.},
	volume = {78},
	number = {6},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {p.334-337},
	keywords = {Coyote Creek, erosion, H-15 Watersheds, H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, landslides, logging, sediments, soils, South Umpqua Experimental Forest, Willamette and Umpqua National Forests},
	author = {Johnson, Michael G. and Beschta, Robert L.}
}
@book {36556,
	title = {Lakes of Oregon: Volume 6: Douglas County},
	year = {1979},
	note = {This volume covers the major named lakes in Douglas County, including log ponds, ponds and reservoirs. Each one-page summary gives location, physical characteristics and basic water quality data for the early 1970s. Includes an aerial photograph and a simple bathymetric map of each lake.},
	month = {1979},
	pages = {123 p.},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division},
	chapter = {124 p.},
	address = {Portland, Or.},
	keywords = {Alkalinity, bacteria, Diamond Lake, Douglas County, geography, Lemolo Lake, limnology, Loon Lake, map, Toketee Reservoir, turbidity},
	url = {https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70199344},
	author = {Rinella, J. F. and Geological Survey (U.S.), and Oregon. State Engineer,}
}
@proceedings {24276,
	title = {Life history differences between sympatric populations of rainbow trout and cutthroat trout in relation to fisheries management strategy},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {p.181-188},
	publisher = {Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, Research and Development Section},
	address = {Eugene, Or.},
	keywords = {genetics, life history information, population biology, Rainbow trout = Oncorhynchus mykiss},
	author = {Nicholas, J. W.},
	editor = {Moring, John R.}
}
@book {24036,
	title = {Land and Water Use Plan for the Umpqua Estuary},
	year = {1975},
	note = {"Prepared in conjunction with Umpqua Estuary Study Group ; staff assistance by Lynn D. Steiger, Pacific Planning Associates, Richard S. Johnson, Umpqua Regional Council of Governments, Michael J. Rupp, Douglas County Planning Department." Cover says "Draft," but this is the final cataloged version.. Lists numerous sites in the estuary. Each site has a map, a description, and a list of recommended activities. Appendices, including letters from interested parties.},
	pages = {216 p.},
	publisher = {Umpqua Estuary Study Group?},
	organization = {Umpqua Estuary Study Group?},
	address = {Reedsport, Or.?},
	keywords = {Black Island, Bolon Island, Brainard Creek, Butler Creek, diking, dredging, habitats, Hinsdales Ranch, Hudson Slough, human impacts, industrial development, land use, N.R.A., Noel Creek, Scholfield Creek, Smith River, soils, The Mouth, The Point, Umpqua River estuary, wetlands, Winchester Bay}
}
@book {24031,
	title = {Lower Umpqua River inventory report},
	year = {1974},
	month = {1974, Jul.},
	publisher = {Siuslaw National Forest},
	organization = {Siuslaw National Forest},
	address = {Corvallis, Or.},
	keywords = {general ecosystem description, species list, Umpqua River},
	author = {U.S. Forest Service. Siuslaw National Forest, Pacific Northwest Region,}
}
@article {23166,
	title = {Lower Umpqua River Investigations},
	journal = {Oregon State Game Commission, Fishery Division.  Annual Report - Fishery Division},
	year = {1949},
	note = {Includes data on Tenmile Lake.},
	pages = {p.15-31},
	keywords = {Chinook salmon = Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Coho salmon =  Oncorhynchus kisutch, cutthroat trout = Oncorhynchus clarki, Dean Creek, geographic distribution, hatcheries, hatchery salmonids, Lower Umpqua River, population count, Smith River, steelhead trout = Oncorhynchus mykiss, temporal distribution, Tenmile Lake, wild salmonids, Winchester Bay},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/technical_reports/c247dx600},
	author = {Mathisen, L. M.}
}
@book {23176,
	title = {Lower Umpqua River Study : Summary : Annual Report},
	year = {1949},
	note = {Summaries of progress after the main report are published in Oregon Game Commission Fishery Division annual reports. Many of these are in this bibliography.  Coho salmon runs were increasing in the Umpqua River in the late 1940s.},
	month = {1949},
	keywords = {Chinook salmon = Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Coho salmon =  Oncorhynchus kisutch, cutthroat trout = Oncorhynchus clarki, fecundity, geographic distribution, Lower Umpqua River, population biology, population count, Rainbow trout = Oncorhynchus mykiss, recreational fisheries - salmon, Smith River, steelhead trout = Oncorhynchus mykiss, temporal distribution, Winchester Bay}
}
@book {22841,
	title = {Lower Umpqua texts and Notes on the Kusan dialects},
	series = {Columbia University contributions to anthropology },
	volume = {4},
	year = {1914},
	note = {Study of surviving members of the Lower Umpqua people in the early 20th century. Includes phonetic transcription of spoken language. Elder Louisa Smith reminisced about getting flounders brought by canoe from the Umpqua estuary to her home on the Smith River (p.101)},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	organization = {Columbia University Press},
	chapter = {156 p.},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {anthropology, ethnography, history, Native Americans, Smith River, Starry flounder = Platichthys stellatus, Umpqua Indians, Umpqua River},
	url = {https://archive.org/details/lowerumpquatext00fracgoog},
	author = {Leo Joachim Frachtenberg}
}
@article {52286,
	title = {List of salmon canneries to operate during 1906. Oregon coast canneries},
	journal = {Pacific Fisherman},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1906},
	note = {Lists cannery owners, towns where companies{\textquoteright} headquarters are located, and locations of canneries.},
	month = {1906, May},
	pages = {p.14},
	keywords = {Alsea River, canneries, commercial fisheries - salmon, Coquille River, economics, industrial development, Nehalem River, Nestucca River, Siletz River, Siuslaw River, Tillamook Bay, Umpqua River, Yaquina River},
	url = {https://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/digital/collection/pacfish/id/3395},
	author = {Anonymous}
}
@book {22781,
	title = {Letter from the Secretary of the Interior transmitting copies of treaties between the United States and certain Indians in Oregon, in response to Senate resolution of September 2, 1893},
	series = {Executive Document},
	volume = {53rd Congress, 1st session, no.25},
	year = {1893},
	note = {Includes an 1855 treaty in which Native American representatives, including representatives of the Umpqua people, ceded their rights to all land west of the Coast Range, except for reservation lands, to the U.S. Government.},
	month = {1893},
	pages = {58 p.},
	publisher = {U.S. G.P.O.},
	organization = {U.S. G.P.O.},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {historyical, Native Americans},
	url = {https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9357\&context=indianserialset},
	author = {U.S. Senate,}
}
@article {22741,
	title = {Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting reports of Maj. G.L. Gillespie, Corps of Engineers, of surveys of Cowlitz River, Washington Territory, and Umpqua River and Alsea harbor and bar, Oregon; also survey of bar at mouth of Columbia River},
	volume = {46th Congress, 2nd session, no.34},
	year = {1879},
	note = {"Gardiner City, a small town of 300 inhabitants, 8 miles from the sea, is the head of navigation for sea-going vessels, and Scottsburg, 17 miles higher up, is the head of navigation for river boats. Between these two towns there are no roads or trails, and the people are dependent upon the river for their communication. The commerce of the river is carried in two small river boats, which draw not to exceed 3 feet. Except over the bars at Brandy Island, Echo Island and mouth of Dean Creek, there is plenty of water at low stage to meet all the necessities of the commerce of the river." (from letter by G.L. Gillespie, Major of Engineers)  In Google Books. 46th Congress, 2nd session, Senate Exec.Doc. no.34.},
	month = {1879/1880},
	keywords = {Gardiner, navigation, physical modification, Scottsburg, Umpqua River},
	url = {https://tinyurl.com/3l8bted},
	author = {U.S. Senate,}
}
@book {22731,
	title = {Letter of the Secretary of War, communicating, in compliance with the resolution of the Senate of the 5th of December, 1870, information relative to the probable cost of the improvement of the Umpqua and Willamette Rivers, in the State of Oregon},
	series = {Senate Executive Document},
	number = {41st Congress, 3rd session, no.14},
	year = {1870},
	note = {Senate Executive Document. Estimate of the cost to make the Umpqua navigable from Scottsburg to Roseburg is given as "about $22,500." Includes report of survey of 1870. A "small stern-wheel steamboat ... had, during this year ... ascended the river from Scottsburg, 25 miles from its mouth, to Roseburg, a distance by the river of about one hundred and twenty miles; but that the river had such a rapid current, and so many obstructions, that the boat had to be hauled through the rapids by lines, and was six days in getting to Roseburg." Lists and describes rapids on the river.  Report also includes study of possible improvements on the Willamette River.  Available in Google Books.},
	month = {1871, Jan. 11},
	keywords = {Crow{\textquoteright}s Rapid, Delaney{\textquoteright}s Rapid, Hart{\textquoteright}s Rapid, historical, Mill{\textquoteright}s Rapid, navigation, Sawyer{\textquoteright}s Bend, Umpqua River},
	url = {https://tinyurl.com/3hemg3o},
	author = {U.S. Senate,}
}
@book {22706,
	title = {Life on the Plains of the Pacific: Oregon, Its History, Condition and Prospects, Containing a Description of the Geography, Climate and Productions with Personal Adventures among the Indians During a Residence of the Author on the Plains Bordering . . .},
	year = {1851},
	note = {In August, 1840, Gustavus Hines was part of a party of missionaries under Jason Lee exploring the Umpqua region and making contact with Native Americans. Chapter 6 (p.93-119) describes the trip. "Fifteen miles below the fort, the river rushes over a ledge of rocks in a number of narrow channels,and falling about twenty-five feet in so many rods, forms a fine salmon fishery." (p.101) Hines describes a village of about 100 of the Umpqua people at this location subsisting on salmon.  Full Title: Life on the Plains of the Pacific: Oregon, Its History, Condition and Prospects, Containing a Description of the Geography, Climate and Productions with Personal Adventures among the Indians During a Residence of the Author on the Plains Bordering the Pacific while Connected with the Oregon Mission: Embracing Extended Notes of a Voyage around the World.},
	publisher = {G.H. Derby and Co.},
	organization = {G.H. Derby and Co.},
	address = {Buffalo,  N.Y.},
	keywords = {history, salmon, Umpqua Indians, Umpqua River},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/defaults/05741x788},
	author = {Gustavus Hines}
}
